![]() ![]() Extinction may be episodic at all scales, with relatively long periods of stability alternating with short-lived extinction events. The five largest mass extinctions of the past 600 million years are of greatest interest, but there is also a spectrum of smaller events, many of which indicate biological systems in profound stress. For this reason alone, extinction must play an important role in the evolution of life. Virtually all plant and animal species that have ever lived on the earth are extinct.
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